OBSERVATORIO IBEROAMERICANO DE CONTABILIDAD DE GESTIÓN

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DOCUMENTO Nº 1

"EL MARCO DE LA CONTABILIDAD DE GESTIÓN"

Fecha de publicación:  1989
Resumen 
páginas: 34
Abstracts

ÍNDICE

1. EL ENTORNO EN QUE SE DESENVUELVEN LAS ORGANIZACIONES EMPRESARIALES.

2. LA ESTRATEGIA DE LAS ORGANIZACIONES EMPRESARIALES

3. LA RESPUESTA CONTABLE

    3.1. LA CONTABILIDAD DE COSTES
    3.2. LA CONTABILIDAD DE GESTION

            3.2.1. Concepto de contabilidad de gestión
            3.2.2. Contenido de la contabilidad de gestión
            3.2.3. Evolución histórica de la contabilidad de gestión
            3.2.4. Los modelos de contabilidad de gestión
            3.2.5. Interrelaciones entre la contabilidad de gestión y la contabilidad financiera

     3.3. LA CONTABILIDAD DE DIRECCIÓN ESTRATÉGICA.

            3.3.1. Concepto de contabilidad de Dirección Estratégica.
            3.3.2. Contenido de la contabilidad de Dirección Estratégica.
            3.3.3. Los responsables de la contabilidad de Dirección Estratégica.

     3.4. EL MARCO CONTABLE QUE OFRECE EL SOPORTE RACIONAL A LAS DECISIONES ESTRATEGICAS Y TACTICAS

 

RESUMEN

        Este Documento trata de delimitar los objetivos y el ámbito de actuación de la Contabilidad de Gestión, así como de las disciplinas más cercanas a la misma y que tienen un tipo u otro de relación con la misma, como son la Contabilidad Financie­ra y la Contabilidad de Dirección Estratégica (denomina­da Contabilidad Directiva en la primera edición del Documento, término sustituido en los últimos años por el antes citado).

      Por otra parte, se establece la relación entre la Contabilidad de Gestión y la Contabilidad de costes, verdadero núcleo fundamental y antecedente de aquella. La Contabilidad de Gestión constituye una ampliación y evolución enriquecedora, tanto en lo extensivo como en lo intensivo, del propio contenido de la Contabilidad de costes.

      A continuación se exponen las ideas básicas en torno a estas cuatro disciplinas: Contabilidad Financiera, Contabilidad de Costes, Contabilidad de Gestión y Contabilidad de Dirección Estratégi­ca).

    Contabilidad financiera

    Contabilidad de costes

    Contabilidad de gestión

    Contabilidad de dirección estratégica

    1. Diagnóstico permanente y evolutivo de la organización:

    1.1. Análisis del ámbito externo: determinación de las oportunidades y amenazas que presenta el entorno en cada momento.

                 1.2. Análisis interno: identificación de las fuerzas y debilidades de la empresa en cada uno de los segmentos de actividad.

                 1.3. Determinación de la posición competitiva de la organi­zación: ventajas e incon­venientes que presenta (para apoyar la elección de estrategias).

            2.  Planificación estratégica: determinación de objetivos, formulación de estrategias y su desarrollo e implementa­ción.

            3.   Control estratégico que asegure la obtención de ventajas competitivas, en un enfo­que de mejora continua hacia la excelencia empresarial.

 

ABSTRACT

         The present Document attempts to set out the aims and scope of the activities of Management Accounting, as well as the other disciplines which are closely related to it or which have some kind of connection, such as Financial Accounting and Strategic Management Accounting (referred to in the first edition of this Document as Accounting for Direc­tors, a term replaced over recent years by the one mentioned above).

         On the other hand, the relationship is established between Manage­ment Accounting and Cost Accounting, the true basic core of the former and its forerunner. Management Accounting represents an enriching and widening of the development, both extensively and intensively, of the contents of Cost Accounting itself.

         Below, we set out some basic ideas concerning these four discipli­nes: Financial Accounting, Cost Accounting, Management Accounting and Strategic Management Accounting.

    Financial Accounting

         The Financial Accounting Basic characteristics: drafts information in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and with the general goal of obtaining a true reflection of the company's wealth or patrimony, reporting at year's end of the variations its situation has undergone and the results obtained during the preceding accounting period.

         Retrospective measurement of business activities; the accounting data therefore has an historical element.

         Condensed view of the organization seen as a whole.

         The information supplied by financial accounting is aimed at:        

            - Mainly external users: presentation of the compulsory annual accounts.

            - Internal users: financial management of the company. Provisional financial statements and more analytical data supporting the decisions of those responsible for financial management.

          Interconnection of the financial accounting with management accounting:

            - To calculate costs, management accounting uses data produced by the financial accounting system (external costs of materials, personnel, etc.)

           - Management accounting, in turn, provides financial accounting (through cost accounting) with reports regarding the valuation of the stocks produced by the company and the costs of the products sold for the drawing up of the annual statements.

          It can be seen that there is an exchange of data between both financial and management accounting through cost accounting, but this is not the case in the rationalization of the cost and its use to support the decision-making function of senior management which does not correspond to financial accounting but to management accounting.

    Cost Accounting  

          Just as financial accounting deals with capturing, representing and measuring external transactions, cost accounting basically refers to the accounting treatment given to the internal portion of stock: transformation of inputs into outputs suitable for the purpose they are intended for.

          The information supplied by cost accounting is based on real or historical facts and is used to determine the value of the stock on hand at the end of the accounting period and the cost of the products sold; it is also used as support for the drafting of budgets and the calculation of standard costs and their deviations.

          The need to evaluate the stock using criteria accepted by financial accounting has traditionally been one of the aims of cost accounting, as a result of the demands of Auditors and Stock Exchanges.

          For this reason, the main aim of cost accounting was, until the sixties, the calculation and determination of the cost of products as precisely as possible. Until that decade, cost accounting was subordinated, to a large extent, to financial accounting.

          From the 1960's, it was felt to be necessary to obtain different costs for different purposes, depending on the internal requirements of the users who had to make a great variety of decisions. As a result, the narrow limits to which financial accounting had restricted cost accounting were broken and it was able to penetrate the wider fields of management accounting.

          The need to perfect the decision-making process has meant that the data systems traditionally used for cost accounting have in part become obsolete and insufficient to provide the enormous amount of data flow required by businessmen in increasingly turbulent circumstances.

          Cost accounting makes up a basic subset of management accounting as a company may effect its cost accounting without having set up a management accounting system. On the other hand, a company that has established a management accounting system must necessarily have implanted a cost accounting system.  

    Management accounting

          Management accounting grows out of the cost accounting in order to face up to the increasing demands for data in the modern firm.

          Management accounting deals with the capture, measurement and valuation of the company's internal circulation as well as its rationalization and supervision so as to supply the various levels of the organization sufficient and relevant data for them to make decisions.

          A company which has a highly developed management accounting system must necessarily have cost accounting.

          Recent management techniques (JIT, Total Quality, flexible manufacturing, BPR, TI, etc.) introduce additional factors into the determination and control of all kinds of costs which must therefore be based on the wider scope of data provided by cost accounting.

          The contents of management accounting correspond to the greater demands for data which are necessary for making decisions in circumstances of increasing uncertainty and turbulence.

          The management accounting models are drawn up on the basis of the (single or multiple) aim of the information one wishes to obtain in order to support the adoption of decisions by the institutions in charge.

          The use of techniques such as cost management by activities allows management accounting to rationalize better the costs and enables it to reach value judgements which can be used in support of the decisions taken with a view to improving the company's efficiency; for instance,

             - To eliminate activities which involve additional cost but add no extra value for the customer.

             - To optimize the activities (both the main and the support activities) which will generate value for the user of the company's products and/or services.

             - To accept or reject orders, on the basis of the  additional costs and income involved, available capacity, etc.

             - Discussion and assessment of the alternatives available, such as:

                 * Manufacture the entire product or else buy in defined parts or subsets.

                 * Whether or not to mechanize or automate certain processes.

                 * Eliminate a product or service, a sales region, etc.

                 * Determine the optimal programme for stockpiling, manufacture, etc.).

              - Management accounting is, therefore, aimed at supporting the decision-making of internal organs over a short-term perspective (tactical and operational decisions) and management control.

    Strategic management accounting  

          Strategic management accounting arose during the eighties as a new accounting model with the aim of helping the businessman to obtain a competitive advantage through organization and on the basis of the analysis and interpretation of internal and external company data.

          The reports which strategic management accounting processes, analyzes and interprets are from two very different fields although tightly interwoven:

          - Reports from the environment (financial as well as non-financial).

          - Reports deriving from the company itself:

              * Financial reports (financial accounting and management accounting).

              * Non-financial reports (quantitative as well as qualita­tive data).

          All these reports and date are analyzed and interpreted through strategic management accounting in order to obtain sufficient, relevant and suitable strategic information for transmission to the senior management in order to support their adoption of strategic and structural decisions from which will follow the tactical and operational decisions supporting management accounting.

          From all of the above, it can be seen that strategic management accounting is multidisciplinary in contents and goes beyond financial accounting and management accounting, in which it has part of its roots, in order to adopt a more wide-ranging, flexible, dynamic and strategic perspective allowing the company to adapt to its environment, obtain sustained competitive advantages and ensure that the organization is viable and can survive.

          Strategic management accounting is involved in the three basic processes of senior management:

          1. Permanent and developing diagnosis of the organization:

               1.1. Analysis of the external scope: revealing the opportunities and threats afforded by the context at any given time.

               1.2. Internal Analysis: identification of the company's strengths and weaknesses in each of its business areas.

               1.3. Fixing the organization's competitive position: advantages and disadvantages presented (to support the choice of strategies).

          2. Strategic Planning: establishment of goals, choising of strategies, their implementation and development.

          3. Strategic Control to ensure that competitive advantages are seized with a view to continual improvement towards business excellence.